Kamma and Rebirth
The wheel of life, or "samsara", is an ancient symbol that has the same meaning in Buddhism and Hinduism. It is symbolises the cycle of birth, life, and death. When one revolution of the wheel is completed, life begins again with rebirth.
What is kamma?(karma in sanscrit)
Karma is a Sanskrit word that literally
means "action". The word is used to refer to volitional acts as
well as the fruits or consequences that arise from these acts. The idea of
karma had existed in ancient Indian philosophy before the time of Siddhartha
Gautama, and it became an important element of Buddhist philosophy.
The Hindu and Buddhist concepts of karma are quite similar, although Hinduism
makes a further distinction between different types of karma, such as present
karma, latent karma, and future karma. In the understanding of both thought
systems, the law of karma describes the connection between actions and the
resulting forces, as follows: wholesome actions lead to wholesome states while
unwholesome actions lead to unwholesome states, individually as well as collectively.
The Ethical Dimension.
To make this more intelligible, one
has to account for (un)wholesome actions and (un)wholesome states and their
respective meaning in Buddhism. The former is outlined in the Noble Eightfold
Path. Action springs from volition, which springs from intention, which springs
from thought, and so forth. The quality of actions can be described in ethical
terms, simply as either good or bad, or both good and bad, or indifferent.
There are various grades of ethical qualities; and most people have an intuitive
understanding that enables them to discern between good and bad, although
the discerning ability depends on the person's state of mental development.
A wise person at a high level of mental development can clearly discern mental
activities and actions in an ethical dimension, while a deluded person has
difficulties or is even unable to do so.
Good and Bad vs. Skilful and Unskilful.
Wherever the three defilements - delusion,
greed, and aversion - are present, they blur the view and increase the level
of confusion in the individual or group. Consequently, if the defilements
are present, there is a low level of skill in distinguishing between good
and bad actions. Thus it makes sense to say that we have skilful (good) and
unskilful (bad) thoughts, we speak skilful (good) and unskilful (bad) words,
and we act either in a skilful (good) or in an unskilful (bad) way.
The Buddhist Precepts and the Ten Perfections give concrete meaning to good
and bad and explain skilful and unskilful volitional acts in detail. Since
everything in Buddhism is interrelated, the Eightfold Path must be seen in
connection with the Four Noble Truths, the concept of karma, and the tenet
of rebirth.
Moral quality of volitional acts determines karma.
The law of karma states that there
is a connection between the moral quality, the level of skill in volitional
actions, and the resulting states. What we are is determined largely by what
we thought, said and did in the past, while what we are thinking, saying,
and doing now will form our future. The karma of past, present, and future
events are connected by the law of cause and effect.
For instance, if one generates bad karma by hurting or killing sentient beings,
one will have to endure the negative consequences of these deeds in this or
another lifetime. Similarly, if one generates good karma by observing the
precepts, positive consequences will follow inevitably.
Buddhists understand karma as a natural law. There is no higher instance,
no judgement, no divine intervention, and no gods that steer man's destiny,
but only the law of karma itself, which works on a universal scale. Deeds
yield consequences either in the next second, in the next hour, day, month,
year, decade, or even in the next lifetime, or in another distant lifetime.
To illustrate this, consider the following example describing a sequence of
volitional acts, which yield instant karmic results:
Example: The arising of volition and karma.
An unpleasant sensation occurs. A
thought arises that the source of the unpleasantness was a person. This thought
is a delusion; any decisions based upon it will therefore be unskilful. A
thought arises that some past sensations of unpleasantness issued from this
same person. This thought is a further delusion. This is followed by a wilful
decision to speak words that will produce an unpleasant sensation in that
which is perceived as a person. This decision is an act of hostility.
Of all the events described so far, only the last is called karma. Words are
carefully chosen in the hopes that when heard they will cause pain. The words
are pronounced aloud. This is the execution of the decision to be hostile.
It may also be classed as a kind of karma, although technically it is after-karma.
There is a visual sensation of a furrowed brow and turned down mouth. The
thought arises that the other person's face is frowning. The thought arises
that the other person's feelings were hurt. There is a fleeting joyful feeling
of success in knowing that one has scored a damaging verbal blow.
Eventually, perhaps much later, there is an unpleasant sensation of regret,
perhaps taking the form of a sensation of fear that the perceived enemy may
retaliate, or perhaps taking the form of remorse on having acted impetuously,
like an immature child, and hoping that no one will remember this childish
action. This regret or fear is the unpleasant ripening of the karma, the unskilful
decision to inflict pain through words.
Rebirth.
Buddhists hold that the retributive
process of karma can span more than one lifetime. Rebirth has always been
an important tenet in Buddhism; and it is often referred to as walking the
wheel of life (samsara). It is the process of being born over and over again
in different times and different situations, possibly for many thousand times.
As long as there is delusion, greed, and aversion, and as long as passions
are not extinguished, we generate karma. Because we eventually accumulate
unmaterialised karma, there is a next lifetime in which the accumulated karma
will take form. Only when all accumulated karma is realised and the generation
of new karma is calmed, one can enter the stream that leads to Nirvana. This
process continues until Nirvana is reached, which signifies the cessation
of rebirth and, hence, the end of suffering.
It is notable that this also entails the avoidance of "good karma".
Once the stream that leads to Nirvana is entered, creating wholesome karma
is not an object anymore. Although wholesome karma leads to entering the stream,
it does not necessarily lead to Nirvana, only the extinguishment of all karma
leads to Nirvana.
The Non-Self.
The concept of rebirth is unfamiliar
to most Western people. Its philosophical and traditional foundation is found
in India, where the theory of transmigration of souls had presumably existed
long before it was written down in the Upanishads around 300 BC.
The Buddhist concept is subtly different from the classical Indian understanding,
because it denies the existence of a self or a soul. In Buddhism, the idea
of self is merely an illusion. Man wrongly identifies perception, consciousness,
mind and body with what he calls self. In reality, there is no abiding entity
that could be identified with a self, because the states of perception, consciousness,
and mind and body constantly change.
The body is mortal and when it dies, all mental activities cease. That is
why there is no soul. The idea of soul is simply an extension of the self;
in fact it is an immortal version of the self that supposedly survives physical
death. Buddhism denies the existence of such an entity. Instead, what we call
self is just a stream of consciousness that draws identity from concepts and
memories, all of which are impermanent.
The idea of an abiding self is deceptive, because it is derived from unenlightened
reasoning. The word self simply provides a reference frame for the mind-body
phenomena of sentient beings. We usually identify it with our body and the
stream of consciousness that is sustained by sense perceptions and thoughts.
In reality, what we call self is neither abiding nor detached from the rest
of the world and other beings. Buddhists call this the "neither self
nor non-self".
What is reborn if not the "self"?
If the idea
of non-self sounds odd, then it must sound even more curious that non-self
can be reborn. There is a seeming contradiction between the canon of rebirth
and that of the non-self, which even many Buddhists find difficult to understand.
The contradiction is, however, only on the surface and can be solved if one
pictures the self as the result of karmic formation. This can be put into
less abstract words:
If we imagine the world as an ocean, we are like the ripples on the ocean.
Formations like ripples and waves occur, because of wind, tides, and other
kinetic forces. In the Buddhist analogy, the universe is in motion due to
karmic forces. A ripple, a wave, or a billow may seem as an individual entity
for a moment, creating the illusion that it has a self, but it is gone in
the next moment. The truth is that all individuals are one. A ripple is a
temporary phenomenon; it is just water in motion. We know that kinetic energy
causes wave forms on a body of water and it would be ridiculous to say that
a single ripple or wave has a self.
Similarly, in case of beings, the process of coming into life and being conditioned
in a particular way is caused by karmic forces. The up and down of the ocean's
waves corresponds with the rotation of the wheel of life. The sea that surges,
falls, and resurges, is the life that is born, dies, and is reborn again.
It is therefore obvious that we should not focus on the temporary phenomenon
of the wave, but on the force that causes, forms, and drives it. Nothing else
is said, although in more practical terms, in the Eightfold Path.
